Nigeria Times

By Li Xinping, Qiongda Zhuoga, People’s Daily

Stretching 1,956 kilometers, crossing 550 kilometers of permafrost, and cresting the 5,072-meter-high Tanggula Pass, the Qinghai-Xizang Railway began full operations on July 1, 2006.

Hailed as one of the greatest engineering feats of the modern era, the railway still holds three world records: the highest railway in average altitude, the longest plateau railway, and the highest railway station on Earth. Two decades after its launch, these records remain unbroken.

Why did China devote such immense resources to building a railway across the roof of the world?

An elderly Tibetan woman surnamed Lhamo voiced the long-held dream of many plateau residents: “For years on end, we have dreamed for a route connecting us to the outside world — one that would lift us out of poverty and backwardness and lead us to prosperity.”

Where the railway reaches, development follows. In 2006, freight transported into and out of Xizang totaled just 361,000 tons. By 2025, that figure had risen to 8.31 million tons. Over the past two decades, the railway has carried more than 100 million tons of cargo to and from Xizang.

These figures bear witness to booming local industries. Previously, Tibetan medicinal products could only be transported by air, incurring exorbitant shipping costs that weighed heavily on manufacturers. Rail freight has since driven logistics expenses down and widened profit margins. A local medicine manufacturer has seen its annual revenue surge to 60 million yuan ($8.84 million).

Special tourist trains now roll into Xizang in constant streams. In 2025, the autonomous region received over 70 million tourist arrivals, marking remarkable growth in its tourism sector.

Traditional Tibetan cultural treasures, including thangka paintings, Tibetan incense, and Tibetan opera, are reaching audiences across the country via the railway. The large-scale live performance Princess Wencheng, which has been staged continuously for 13 years, has generated an associated industry worth more than 10 billion yuan ($1.48 billion).

As industries thrive, local residents enjoy much better lives. Beside Nagqu Station along the Qinghai-Xizang Railway, Ma Yong and his wife run a restaurant with an annual net income exceeding 200,000 yuan ($29511). A young Tibetan man Landro works as a taxi driver earning 7,000 yuan monthly, and cargo loader Phuntsok Norgyal also makes 7,000 yuan ($1033) each month. The railway has laid a solid foundation to support their whole families.

For countless plateau residents, the railway has created jobs, improved livelihoods, and opened a pathway to a better life. Over the past 20 years, the Qinghai-Xizang Railway has hauled a total of 824 million tons of cargo and handled 104 million passenger trips, among which over 4.5 million were student travelers commuting between Xizang and other parts of China.

How has China addressed the challenge of building on such fragile terrain? The Qinghai-Xizang Plateau is home to an extremely delicate ecosystem. Vegetation grows slowly, the food chain is simple, and any ecological damage would be difficult to reverse. The answer, according to railway planners, lies in respecting and protecting nature.

Ecological protection was integrated into the project from the very planning stage. In 2015, work began on expanding the capacity of the Golmud-Lhasa section. At Hoh Xil Station, a site long reserved for future use was formally incorporated into the project. However, field surveys revealed that the original location sat directly on a well-established migration route for Tibetan antelopes.

“The lights and noise from passing trains, as well as routine station operations, would disturb the antelopes during their breeding season,” explained Zhang Caihong, deputy head of the infrastructure division under the planning and statistics department of China Railway Qinghai-Xizang Group Co., Ltd.

After joint consultations by all relevant authorities, a unanimous decision was made to relocate the station to make way for wildlife migration. The entire Hoh Xil Station was shifted 8.8 kilometers north, requiring an extra investment of over 13.76 million yuan ($2.03 million).

In the 1990s, fewer than 20,000 Tibetan antelopes lived in Hoh Xil. Today, the population has surpassed 70,000. Herds now cross beneath the railway calmly and safely, providing vivid testimony to China’s commitment to green development.

To preserve the traditional grazing practices of local herders, the railway’s designers reserved natural wildlife crossing corridors. Along the entire length of the Qinghai-Xizang Railway, dedicated wildlife passages stretch for nearly 60 kilometers. Countless culverts and viaducts also serve as safe transit routes for cattle, sheep, and wild animals alike.

To protect vegetation, every effort was made to restore what had been disturbed. The plateau’s topsoil and vegetation layer are extremely thin, sometimes only 20 to 30 centimeters deep. During construction, workers carefully lifted every piece of turf, preserved it, and later replanted it. 

They also developed four innovative ecological restoration techniques, including vegetation bags, vegetation belts, fiber blankets, and thick-substrate spray planting. Today, more than 90 percent of the transplanted turf along the railway has been successfully restored.

To curb sand hazards and stabilize drifting sand, a full set of sand-fixation solutions have been adopted.

Dachaidan in Haixi Mongolian and Tibetan autonomous prefecture, Qinghai province, lies in a barren desert expanse once described as a place “where the wind blows even the stones away and nothing grows.”

Within this “lifeless no-man’s-land,” workers hand-laid magical grid barriers over the desert surface. Stone grids, salt crust grids and straw grids stretch out like enormous chessboards, firmly trapping rampant shifting sands.

Over the past two decades, sand encroachment along the railway has been brought largely under control, and the amount of sand cleared from the tracks each year has fallen dramatically.

The construction of the Qinghai-Xizang Railway also marked the first time that an environmental supervision system was established for a railway project in China. That philosophy has since been carried forward into the planning, design and construction of subsequent railway projects across the country.

Today, the Qinghai-Xizang Railway has entered the smart era. More than 3,000 surveillance cameras monitor train operations in real time along the entire route. Fifty-two monitoring stations installed in high-wind sections serve as vigilant “ears,” while 182 observation sites continuously track permafrost temperatures and ground settlement. Supported by intelligent monitoring systems, dispatchers hundreds of kilometers away can maintain a comprehensive view of operations at all times.

Over the past two decades, the railway network across the plateau has continued to expand. The combined operating railway mileage in Qinghai province and the Xizang autonomous region has grown from 2,207.8 kilometers to 4,060.1 kilometers, an increase of 83.9 percent. Meanwhile, the Fuxing high-speed train has, for the first time, achieved full coverage across all 31 provincial-level regions on the Chinese mainland.

Running across Qinghai and Xizang, the Qinghai-Xizang Railway is far more than a mere transport thoroughfare. It has grown into an ecological shield safeguarding the plateau’s fragile environment, a vital bond cementing ethnic unity, and a pathway leading local residents to prosperity and sound development.

By Zhang Jixing

The world is undergoing profound changes unseen in a century at an accelerating pace. Geopolitical conflicts and regional wars continue to erupt, while unilateralism and protectionism are on the rise, severely disrupting the international order. At the same time, the global economy is losing momentum, and uncertainties and destabilizing factors affecting global supply chains are increasing.

According to a report released by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development in June 2026, global economic growth is expected to slow down from 3.4 percent in 2025 to 2.8 percent in 2026. Research from the World Economic Forum identifies armed interstate conflicts, geoeconomic confrontations, and extreme weather events as the world’s three most significant risks at present.

The more turbulent the global environment, the greater the need for collective action. More than ever, countries must strengthen solidarity and cooperation, overcome divisions through openness and inclusiveness, and approach the shared future of humanity with a broad perspective. The international community should work together to enhance the resilience and stability of global supply chains, choosing to “join hands” rather than “let go,” and to extend supply chains rather than sever them.

China has consistently been a key participant and active contributor to global industrial and supply chains. It remains firmly committed to preserving the public-good nature of these supply chains and has taken concrete steps to deepen international cooperation, making global supply chains more secure, efficient, inclusive, and mutually beneficial.

On one hand, China has actively promoted openness and cooperation in supply chains, adhering to the principles of openness and inclusiveness and sharing the development opportunities it has created with the world.

As the world’s first national-level exhibition dedicated to supply chains, the China International Supply Chain Expo, since its launch in 2023, focuses on strengthening connections between upstream, midstream and downstream industries. It fosters collaboration among large, medium, and small enterprises, promotes coordination among businesses, universities, research institutions, and end uses, and encourages interaction between Chinese and foreign companies. The expo has become a major international trade event and a global public good shared by the international community.

At the fourth edition of the expo, the number of participating organizations increased from 515 at the inaugural event to 676. Both the number of countries represented and the proportion of overseas exhibitors continued to increase, while the number of international visiting delegations grew significantly. Channels for international industrial and supply chain cooperation have expanded, and the expo’s global influence has steadily strengthened.

On the other hand, China has continued to enhance the core competitiveness of its industries and supply high-quality products and services to global markets.

Leveraging its technological strengths in areas such as next-generation information technology, new energy and green manufacturing, China is accelerating its efforts to become a global hub for scientific and technological innovation. It is also enhancing industrial cooperation with more countries, helping global supply chains improve in both quality and efficiency.

By the end of 2025, the value added of China’s core digital economy industries had risen to more than 10.5 percent of its GDP. Meanwhile, China’s research and applications in fields such as artificial intelligence and quantum technology rank among the world’s leaders, providing sustained momentum for global economic growth.

The Global Supply Chain Resilience Index Matrix, released during the fourth China International Supply Chain Expo, indicates that the overall operating environment for global supply chains has become increasingly stable, with positive factors continuing to dominate.

Between 2018 and 2025, the indices for global supply chain promotion, connectivity, innovation and resilience all registered growth, rising from a base value of 1 to 2.839, 1.657, 2.565 and 1.249, respectively. Their compound annual growth rates reached 16.07 percent, 7.48 percent, 14.40 percent and 3.23 percent, demonstrating that global supply chains are evolving toward greater resilience, higher efficiency and stronger dynamism.

Despite mounting challenges, openness and cooperation remain the defining trend of our time, and mutual benefit and win-win outcomes continue to represent the mainstream. Countries should stand together to safeguard the stability and smooth functioning of global supply chains and continue deepening practical cooperation.

(Zhang Jixing is head of the international trade research department and an associate research fellow at the Academy of China Council for the Promotion of International Trade.)

By Zou Song, People’s Daily

Cloves, one of the five key ingredients in Chinese five-spice powder, add a layered fragrance to countless Chinese dishes. Today, thanks to China’s zero-tariff policy for Africa, their rich aroma is forging a tangible connection between households across China and farming communities on Tanzania’s Zanzibar, thousands of miles away.

It has been two months since China extended zero-tariff treatment to all 53 African nations with which it maintains diplomatic relations. The policy dividends are now steadily materializing in measurable trade gains.

One statistic illustrates the impact: roughly four out of every 10 imported into China come from Tanzania’s Zanzibar, making it China’s largest source of imported cloves. This achievement has been made possible in large part by China’s continued zero-tariff policy for Africa.

In December 2022, China waived tariffs on 98 percent of taxable items from 10 least-developed countries, including Tanzania. Spices such as cloves and nutmeg were among the products covered. 

In September 2024, at the Beijing Summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation, China announced a further commitment: zero-tariff treatment to 100 percent of tariff lines for all least developed countries having diplomatic relations with China, including 33 African countries. 

This May, China took another significant step by implementing zero-tariff treatment across all tariff lines for products from the 53 African countries that maintain diplomatic ties with China.

Zero tariffs have delivered a clear competitive advantage.

Previously, most cloves from Zanzibar reached China only after passing through intermediaries in countries such as India and the United Arab Emirates, adding significantly to procurement costs. Following the introduction of the zero-tariff policy, the landed cost of Zanzibar cloves has fallen by 15 to 20 percent. Supply chains have grown far more efficient, and direct bulk purchasing between Chinese buyers and Tanzanian producers has surged rapidly.

More recently, stakeholders in both China and Tanzania have accelerated efforts to improve customs clearance procedures and establish direct procurement channels, promoting larger-scale and more efficient trade in spices.

Zero tariffs have also brought greater market certainty.

Historically, Zanzibar’s clove exports depended heavily on markets in Europe, the United States and the Middle East, leaving growers vulnerable to sharp fluctuations in demand and unstable incomes. In recent years, mounting uncertainty in the global market, coupled with drought-induced declines in local production, has led to a significant drop in clove exports from Zanzibar. 

Against this challenging backdrop, the predictable market access guaranteed by zero-tariff treatment has become particularly valuable. According to international spice industry statistics, following the full implementation of the policy, China’s share of clove imports from Zanzibar increased from about 37 percent to around 41 percent, while the number of Chinese buyers multiplied. China has become an important stabilizing force, helping Zanzibar withstand external risks and sustain one of its pillar sectors.

The rewards of this zero-tariff framework extend far beyond cloves and Tanzania alone.

Ethiopia’s richly aromatic coffee, infused with the sunshine of the African highlands, has become a popular choice for Chinese consumers. Fresh avocados and nuts from Kenya, prized for their rich flavor and nutritional value, are bringing greater variety to Chinese dining tables. Citrus fruits from South Africa, chili peppers from Rwanda, vanilla from Madagascar, and an ever-growing range of quality African products, are finding their way into ordinary Chinese households.

These agricultural products serve as living bridges between Chinese and African peoples. Through them, Chinese consumers see not a stereotyped image of Africa, but hardworking communities striving for a better future; not a distant continent, but countries rich in natural resources, vibrant cultures and boundless vitality. That may well be the most valuable dividend generated by the zero-tariff policy.

Trade unlocks shared opportunities, while closer ties between peoples endure even longer. Whether it is a single clove, a piece of fresh fruit or the aroma of a cup of coffee, these everyday symbols of China-Africa friendship are helping the world see ever more clearly that China-Africa cooperation is not an abstract narrative, but something tangible, visible in daily life and savored in every shared moment.

By Wang Guan, Ouyang Jie, People’s Daily

China has rolled out a new round of upgrades to its departure tax refund policy, delivering a more seamless, hassle-free shopping experience for foreign visitors. 

As of July 1, key measures under the country’s “Departure Tax Refund 2.0” initiative, including a fully paperless refund process and random inspections for low-value tax refund claims, have officially taken effect, further streamlining tax refund procedures and enhancing the overall shopping experience for overseas visitors.

At the departure tax refund counter in Terminal 3 of Beijing Capital International Airport on July 1, Romanian traveler David completed all refund formalities within minutes by simply presenting a QR code for departure tax refund.

“Previously, I had to keep paper invoices and tax refund forms throughout my trip. They took time to issue, and I was always worried about losing them,” he said.

During his latest stay in Beijing this time, David purchased a wristwatch. At the departure tax refund store, he scanned a QR code to generate an electronic tax refund form. Upon departure, he simply presented the same QR code for customs verification at the airport. Throughout the entire process, a single QR code handled everything, making the procedure both convenient and hassle-free.

Previously, overseas travelers often worried about losing tax refund forms, misplacing receipts or forgetting to obtain the required customs stamp. Under the new system, travelers only need to scan a QR code using their mobile phone browser after entering China and submit their identity information once. They will then receive a personal QR code for departure tax refund that can be used nationwide.

The QR code can be scanned at any participating tax refund store or departure port across the country. Travelers can also use it to access electronic tax refund forms, electronic invoices and real-time updates on their refund applications, making the entire process fully digital, transparent and traceable.

The paperless system has also transformed operations for participating retailers. 

“During peak travel seasons, customers often had to queue just to obtain paper tax refund forms,” said a staff member at a Lawson tax refund store in Beijing Capital International Airport. 

“Now we simply scan customers’ QR codes through the online system to collect identity information electronically, automatically generate the electronic refund application and send it directly to customers’ phones. No manual filling, no printing, no waiting around. Shoppers spend far less time queuing, and we no longer need to install extra printing equipment,” the staff member explained.

Another major policy upgrade is the introduction of a random inspection system for low-value tax refund claims.

On the morning of July 1, several international travelers were waiting in an orderly manner at a departure tax refund service point at Futian Port in Shenzhen, south China’s Guangdong province. Yang Liqin, a traveler from China’s Hong Kong Special Administrative Region who frequently commutes between Shenzhen and Hong Kong, completed his tax refund smoothly after purchasing a smart gimbal camera. He received a refund of about 530 yuan ($77.98).

“I wasn’t picked for an on-site inspection today, so the entire process only took a few minutes,” Yang said. “The new policy makes it even easier for us to buy high-quality Chinese products.”

Under the new policy, effective July 1, tax refund claims involving purchases worth less than 10,000 yuan are subject to physical inspection only on a random basis. Refund claims of 10,000 yuan or more continue to undergo mandatory physical inspection item by item.

“The random inspection system applies a risk-based approach to optimize tax refund procedures,” explained Sun Yiming, deputy head of the baggage supervision section under the postal and express supervision division of Shenzhen Customs. 

“Most tourists claiming relatively small refunds no longer need to wait in line for physical inspection just to receive refunds worth a few hundred or even a few dozen yuan. Those not selected can proceed quickly to the next step, while dedicated staff assist travelers selected for inspection, ensuring an orderly and efficient process that significantly improves the tax refund experience,” Sun told People’s Daily.

These policy upgrades have made shopping in China far more appealing to overseas visitors.

After visiting popular attractions in Dalian, northeast China’s Liaoning province, Russian tourist Marina was drawn to a wide variety of locally made products, including gift boxes of sea cucumbers, handcrafted mother-of-pearl shell carvings and spotted seal plush toys.

“The refund process was very straightforward, and the money was credited immediately,” she said. “Now I’d like to buy more cultural and creative products as gifts for my family and friends.”

With the steady rollout of the departure tax refund policy, the number of tax-refund stores nationwide keeps expanding alongside a richer range of goods. Diverse merchandise delivers a more satisfying shopping experience for international visitors, and streamlined tax refund services also bring businesses a stable flow of foreign shoppers.

“Our customer traffic has doubled since we became an ‘instant tax refund’ store in April,” said the manager of an Adidas Originals store at a mall in southwest China’s Chongqing municipality. Sales through the instant tax refund program now account for about six percent of the store’s total revenue.

Since the beginning of this year, Chongqing has continued upgrading its departure tax refund services, adding 73 participating stores and bringing the citywide total to 363.

“We have also established centralized ‘instant tax refund’ service points in major shopping districts popular with international visitors, including Jiefangbei, Chaotianmen, Guanyinqiao and the MixC,” said Li Lin, deputy director of the export tax refund service and administration bureau of Chongqing’s tax bureau. 

“In addition, Chongqing is participating in pilot programs with several provinces to enable mutual recognition of instant tax refunds across different regions. Going forward, we will continue to expand the number of participating merchants, enrich the range of featured products and create more convenient tax refund scenarios for overseas visitors,” Li added.

By Guo Ziyun, People’s Daily

On the occasion of the 105th founding anniversary of the Communist Party of China (CPC), German Marxist scholar, China researcher and writer Michael Geiger spoke with People’s Daily in an exclusive interview, sharing his insights into China’s achievements and the experience of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

Having studied China for nearly two decades, Geiger siad the country’s exploration of a new path of social development has provided him with profound intellectual inspiration. As a Marxist scholar, he believes China’s practices offer important insights into the evolution of Marxist theory and its application in contemporary society.

Geiger noted that in The Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels stated that after the proletariat takes power, it should creat conditions for the development of new forces of productivity. Yet finding a viable path toward this goal has remained a major challenge throughout history 

In his view, the CPC has, through efficient and forceful development measures, rapidly advanced social productive forces. Today, China is at the forefront of the world in fields such as new energy vehicles and artificial intelligence. This practice fully demonstrates that the socialist path is sound and viable, and it is also prompting the global academic community to re-examine the theoretical connotations of Marxism.

Geiger also brought together a group of German experts and scholars to publish the book Chinas Jahrhundert (Chinese Century). He noted that international academia has long sought to understand the underlying drivers of China’s development achievements, stressing unambiguously that the fundamental reason for China’s remarkable progress lies in the leadership of the CPC.

For years, bashing China has become a mainstream for certain Western media outlets, driven by their lingering fear of the famous specter — the specter of communism haunting Europe. Geiger argues that researchers bear the duty to present a well-rounded, objective account of China and the CPC to Western audiences. Publishing Chinas Jahrhundert was precisely meant to supply diverse alternative perspectives for global readers.

From Geiger’s perspective, conventional Western mindsets often limit their understanding of China’s development trajectory. China, he said, is a vast nation boasting a long history and rapid development, China is an intricate, diverse entity. Yet some Western narratives tend to focus disproportionately on challenges encountered during its growth while overlooking its broader accomplishments.

He believes that Western societies place strong emphasis on individual subjectivity, whereas China emphasizes coordination between the individual and the collective, and between personal interests and the public good. This difference in values, he argued, can sometimes lead to misunderstandings about the logic behind China’s social progress.

When talking about the practical outcomes of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times, Geiger noted that Marxism acts as a catalyst for social transformation. The innovative practice of sinicizing and modernizing Marxism has immensely enriched the theory and injected new vitality into it.

The key to China’s success lies in a more profound understanding of Marxism. Several decades ago, it was widely considered difficult to reconcile a planned economy and a market economy could be integrated. Yet China broke through established frameworks and achieved major breakthroughs in areas such as ownership reform. It can be said that China’s practice truly conforms to the fundamental essence of Marxism.

People often discuss the high level of public support for the CPC. Geiger stated that such a level of support is something that political parties in some Western countries “would not even dare to dream of,” fully demonstrating that the CPC has, to a large extent, responded to the practical needs of the people. 

The CPC adheres to the principle of “from the masses, to the masses.” For instance, three million Party members have long worked on the front lines of poverty reduction. They have gone deep into the poorest regions, understood the real difficulties faced by every household, and sought concrete solutions. This reflects the close ties between the CPC and the people.

Against the backdrop of mounting global turbulence and defeatist arguments like the “inevitability of war”, Geiger holds that China has blazed a path distinct from the conventional logic of major- country rivalry.

A major country with global influence does not need to rely on expansion or confrontation to safeguard its interests. China always upholds clear principled bottom lines while exercising patience and restraint, a stance consistent with the ancient Chinese philosophical notion of “holding the middle ground to achieve harmony.”

True political wisdom lies not in picking sides crudely between confrontation and compromise, but in striking a proper balance between defending one’s own interests and fostering long-term global stability.

Speaking about China’s developmental wisdom of pairing top-level design with “crossing the river by feeling the stones” in comprehensively deepening reform, Geiger expressed strong recognition of this governance philosophy.

He believes that socialist modernization has no ready experience or standard answers; progress can only be achieved through practical exploration, repeated verification, and continuous adjustment. Trial and error, trade-offs and adjustments in development are all normal parts of the exploration process, and this pragmatic exploratory attitude toward development is extremely valuable.

Geiger pointed out that China has overcome countless difficulties and “crossed many rivers.” While new challenges will inevitably emerge, he believes the CPC has already demonstrated through 105 years of practice that it is fully capable of adapting to changing circumstances and continuing moving forward.

By Han Xin, People’s Daily

Five-year plans stand as a distinctive strength of China’s governance system. 

31 provincial-level regions across the Chinese mainland have recently released their outlines of the 15th Five-Year Plan period (2026-2030). These development blueprints not only translate the country’s top-level design into concrete actions, but also reflect each region’s own exploration of development paths suited to its circumstances.

Viewed from multiple angles, these local plans offer a deeper understanding of the internal logic underpinning China’s economic growth and resilience.

One striking feature is the systematic approach to balancing the whole and its parts. A comparison of the plans across regions shows that, despite their different geographic conditions and resource endowments, all provinces have identified their strategic roles and development directions within the framework of the country’s overall development strategy.

Take target setting as an example. In line with the national goal of achieving both qualitative improvements and reasonable quantitative growth in economy, the vast majority of provincial-level regions have announced average annual GDP growth targets for the 15th Five-Year Plan period. Building on this, some of them have also introduced additional indicators tailored to local conditions, such as coordinated urban-rural and regional development and industrial transformation. 

Likewise, while the national plan places building a modern industrial system at the top of its major strategic priorities, all 31 provincial plans have formulated targeted measures and differentiated tasks based on their own strengths and circumstances.

This model delivers full alignment across all government levels with a unified policy rhythm, while enabling each region to leverage its strengths and fulfill its respective responsibilities. It is precisely this synergy that fuels China’s sustained economic momentum.

Another notable feature is a reasonable balance between competing for opportunities and pursuing differentiated development. A cross-provincial comparison reveals both an eagerness to seize emerging opportunities and a pragmatic determination to capitalize on local advantages while avoiding disadvantages. Across the country, regions are making clear-eyed assessments of their strengths and weaknesses and pursuing development selectively and strategically.

As a strategic technology shaping the future, artificial intelligence (AI) has become a new frontier of industrial competition. Faced with this vast blue ocean of opportunity, regions across China are actively positioning themselves while emphasizing complementary strengths.

The eastern region, leveraging its first-mover advantages, is climbing toward the technological frontier. Beijing strives to boost its capacity for original innovation powered by AI. Zhejiang province aims to hit 1.2 trillion yuan ($176.75 billion) in annual revenue from core AI industrial enterprises above designated size by 2030.

Meanwhile, the central and western regions are tapping into their resource advantages and exploring new depths. Guizhou province focuses on computing infrastructure, accelerating the development of the Guizhou hub center for the national integrated computing power network. Qinghai  province capitalizes on its abundant wind and solar resources, aiming to build a demonstration zone for coordinated development of green power and computing capacity.

This combination of healthy competition and differentiated, complementary development has become a vital source of China’s drive toward higher-quality growth and innovation.　

A third characteristic is the coordinated approach to fostering the new while upgrading the old. Looking across planning documents from different periods, from the 14th Five-Year Plan to the 15th Five-Year Plan, one finds a consistent problem-oriented approach and continuity in development thinking.

To foster and expand new growth drivers, Guizhou has adopted a pragmatic path in nurturing emerging industries. Rather than rushing to phase out traditional sectors, the province draws on its regional strengths to build a solid big data industry first — ranging from developing “China’s data valley” to rolling out a “data elements multiplier effect” initiative. It then applies digital technologies to empower the real economy, enabling a more seamless transition for traditional industries.

Shanxi province’s efforts to advance the energy transition provide another example. While harnessing its wind and solar resources and vigorously developing clean energy, the province is also committed to making better use of its coal resources. The two energy tracks complement and reinforce one another, achieving coordinated development.

China’s approach to economic development is therefore characterized by adapting measures to local conditions, combining scientific foresight and bold experimentation with steady, incremental progress. 

By promoting the new while upgrading the old, and by ensuring that the new is established before the old is phased out, China has built the resilience that underpins its long-term economic stability and sustained growth.

By Han Zhongnan

What stuns the world about China’s manufacturing sector today is more than just its lightning-fast response speed — it is its unmatched knack for turning cutting-edge creative concepts into tangible, market-ready products.

Recently, hit products keep emerging one after another out of Yiwu, known as the “World’s Supermarket” in east China’s Zhejiang province. It keenly captures market trends from social media, develops derivative goods, expands product lines, and turns viral online sensations into sustainable long-tail business opportunities. Keen on global trends, consumer sentiments and daily life demands, Yiwu caters to shoppers worldwide with lightning-fast responsiveness.

Chinese manufacturing has honed its capability to deliver tailor-made products with lightning-fast responses. Backed by complete industrial and supply chains, a rising number of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) now operate highly flexible production lines. They can swiftly fill market voids while realizing on-demand manufacturing and immediate shipment.

Thanks to a “small orders, quick response” model, manufacturers can revise a design one day and roll out samples the next. Production can be flexibly adjusted to meet exact orders, whether clients need five pieces or a hundred.

This adaptive manufacturing prowess stretches far beyond everyday consumer goods.

Even shipping containers have left one-size-fits-all standardisation behind, entering an era of fully bespoke engineering. Specialized refrigerated containers with precise temperature control have been developed for transporting premium fruits. Data center containers have been designed to accommodate server racks and other heavy equipment. 

Containers destined for challenging environments, including the high-salinity coastal regions, the frigid north, and deserts marked by extreme heat and dust, feature enhanced corrosion resistance, cold tolerance, thermal insulation, and dust protection.

China’s legendary manufacturing speed does not come from individual factories racing alone; it signals the full-scale upgrade of an integrated industrial ecosystem. 

The experimentation and accumulated expertise of countless enterprises, generations of craftspeople’s dedication to refining details, and sustained government investment and targeted policies in areas such as logistics infrastructure and the business environment have together underpinned a highly efficient industrial system. 

Within this system, closer coordination across supply chains, integration between domestic and international markets, and the convergence of online and offline channels have continuously strengthened the capacity for rapid response and proactive innovation. And that is precisely where the resilience of the Chinese economy lies.

This resilience is, above all, a form of systemic capability. Across the supply chain, even a single screw or a particular coating is often produced by highly specialized SMEs that have spent years mastering their niche. 

When these countless “single-product champions” SMEs interconnect, their collective expertise builds the robust, all-inclusive industrial and supply chain backbone that defines Chinese manufacturing.

Such resilience stems from years of steady accumulation. Better business environments and fruitful innovation can only be advanced through down-to-earth efforts to solve practical problems.

Instances abound: securing a rail container slot for a trader, negotiating unified export criteria for umbrellas, or launching training programs to address shortages of translators in less commonly spoken languages.

By removing successive operational bottlenecks and accommodating unexpected market demands, China can foster an efficient, agile innovation ecosystem and sustain long-term competitiveness.

By pursuing excellence in every niche sector, refining every link in the service chain, and proactively evolving with every shift in market trends, the gold-lettered brand of “Made in China” continues to shine ever brighter amid the tides of global economic change. 

By Wang Yunshan, People’s Daily

China recently released a plan for building a new energy system during the 15th Five-Year Plan period (2026-2030). According to the plan, China aims to basically establish a clean, low-carbon, secure and efficient new energy system by 2030. 

Wang Hongzhi, head of the National Energy Administration, outlined four key features China’s energy sector will boast after five years of development.

First, it will be more secure and resilient. The country’s total energy production capacity is expected to reach 5.8 billion tons of standard coal equivalent, with steadily improving self-sufficiency and more diversified and controllable energy imports.

Second, it will feature a far-better-balanced energy mix. Renewable energy sources are targeted to exceed 50 percent of the country’s installed power generation capacity, becoming the dominant form. Concurrently, non-fossil energy is projected to generate 50 percent of total electricity, taking the lead as China’s main power source.

Third, the energy system will undergo profound transformation. China will accelerate the construction of robust, resilient, green, low-carbon, integrated, intelligent, and efficient new energy infrastructure. This transformation includes establishing a fundamentally new type of power system.

Fourth, it will become more innovation-driven. The modernization of the industrial chain will advance significantly, and market and pricing mechanisms suited to the new energy system will become more mature.

The plan addresses significant challenges: ongoing geopolitical conflicts disrupting global oil/gas supply chains internationally, and domestically, the rapid integration of wind and solar power creating hurdles for grid stability.

Wang noted that China’s energy demand will continue to grow during the 15th Five-Year Plan period. China will always prepare for worst-case scenarios and apply systems thinking, and always place energy security at the top of its agenda.

To this end, China will focus on three priorities: further developing and expanding reserves of fossil energy resources, substantially increasing the supply of non-fossil energy, and broadening international energy cooperation.

Investment in major energy projects and emerging business models is expected to maintain steady growth during the 15th Five-Year Plan period, with total investment projected to exceed 20 trillion yuan ($2.94 trillion).

According to Wang, these projects fall into three broad categories.

The first category aims to strengthen energy security and mainly includes projects involving oil and gas, coal, supporting power sources, and coal-to-oil and coal-to-gas conversion. Investment in these areas is expected to continue rising steadily.

The second category focuses on advancing the green and low-carbon transition. China will roll out a 10-year action plan to double non-fossil energy output. Investment in the power grid during the 15th Five-Year Plan period is expected to be more than 30 percent higher than during the 14th Five-Year Plan period.

The third category is intended to foster new quality productive forces. China will develop a number of green hydrogen, ammonia and methanol production bases; expand scenarios for direct green power supply to multiple users; and promote new industries and business models such as new energy storage, integrated energy services, virtual power plants, and the coordinated development of computing power and electricity resources.

According to Du Zhongming, director general of the Department of Electricity of the National Energy Administration, fixed-asset investment in China’s power grid is expected to exceed 5 trillion yuan($737.4 billion) during the 15th Five-Year Plan period, with efforts focused on building a new-type power grid around three priorities.

First, upgrade the new architecture of the power grid. During the period, China plans to put into operation 15 new ultra-high-voltage direct-current transmission corridors dedicated to green electricity, increasing west-to-east power transmission capacity to more than 420 million kilowatts.

Second, make breakthroughs in core new technologies. China will accelerate the application of technologies such as grid-forming systems and long-duration energy storage, while implementing an “AI + power grid” initiative.

Third, provide better and more efficient services. Efforts will be made to continue optimizing grid connection and power transmission services for new energy projects and significantly enhance the system’s ability to regulate and balance supply and demand.

During the 15th Five-Year Plan period, China’s annual increase in electricity consumption is expected to reach around 600 billion kilowatt-hours.

“We will act on the guidance of boosting computing power with electricity and driving power industry development via computing demand,” said Wang. “We will coordinate energy resource allocation and computing infrastructure construction to advance the synergy between computing and power systems on multiple fronts.”